top of page
Español / Spanish

Biografia // Biography

Richard Leach Maddox (4 de agosto de 1816-11 de mayo de 1902) fue un médico y fotógrafo británico cuya principal contribución a la fotografía fue descubrir el proceso de gelatino-bromuro.

Su trabajo como médico le hizo viajar por Italia y Turquía antes de establecerse en Gran Bretaña. Como fotógrafo estuvo muy interesado en la fotomicrografía y la fotografía de paisajes. Como el proceso que se empleaba era el colodión húmedo, iniciado en 1851 por Frederick Scott Archer, que exigía sensibilizar la placa en el mismo momento de la toma decidió investigar un sistema para mejorarlo. Se fundamentó en los estudios dePoitevin sobre el uso de gelatina seca y en los de Marc-Antoine Gaudin sobre la sensibilidad a la luz del bromuro de plata.

Publicó su descubrimiento en el British Journal of Photography en 1871 describiendo el proceso a seguir e indicando que debido a su profesión de médico no disponía de tiempo para perfeccionarlo.3 La descripción del proceso era a grandes rasgos: humedecer la gelatina con agua, extender sobre ella bromuro de cadmio y nitrato de plata para que reaccionaran y se obtuviese bromuro de plata y finalmente depositar el resultado en un vidrio hasta que secase. Dos años después Richard Kennett preparó la primera placa de uso práctico y en 1878 Charles Bennet consiguió una placa de gran calidad.

En 1901 recibió la Medalla al progreso de la Royal Photographic Society.

Inglés / English

Richard Leach Maddox (4 August 1816 – 11 May 1902) was an English photographer and physician who invented lightweight gelatin negative plates for photography in 1871.

Long before his discovery of the dry gelatin photographic emulsion, Maddox was prominent in what was calledphotomicrography - photographing minute organisms under the microscope. The eminent photomicrographer of the day, Lionel S. Beale, included as a frontispiece images made by Maddox in his manual 'How to work with the Microscope

Maddox freely gave his discovery to the world, saying (to W.J. Harrison, in a letter of 1887) that "[I had] no thought of bringing the subject into notice until it had been lifted from the cradle". Maddox, at the initial stage of invention, could probably produce only 'lantern slides' contact-copied from his microscope plates, the slow speed being impracticable for camera lens images.

It was these origins that led to the miniaturization and adaptability of photographic emulsions, and consequently paved the way for social and action photography and cinematography.

In photography, the Collodion process was invented in 1851 by Frederick Scott Archer. This invention required only two to three seconds of light exposure to produce an image, but plates had to be sensitized at the time of exposure, exposed while the emulsion was still wet, and processed immediately after exposure in the camera.

When he noticed that his health was being affected by the 'wet' collodion's ether vapor, Maddox began looking for a substitute. He suggested in the 8 September 1871 British Journal of Photography article An Experiment with Gelatino-Bromide that sensitizing chemicals cadmium bromide and silver nitrate should be coated on a glass plate in gelatin, a transparent substance used for making candies. Eventually Charles Harper Bennett made the first gelatin dry plates for sale; before long the emulsion could be coated on celluloid roll film.

Dry plates had been tried before: and had no effect silver nitrate with a binder of albumen - derived from egg white, and widely used in printing-out paper in the nineteenth century - had been coated on glass; but these proved to be too insensitive for camera use. Gelatin had also been suggested by photo-theorist and color pioneer Thomas Sutton, and the substance would also have been known to Maddox - himself an eminent microscope practitioner - through its use as a holding/preserving base used in microscope slides.

Initially Maddox tried other bases. He combined silver bromide with "vegetable gummy matters" (lichen, linseed, quince), and "starchy substances" (rice, tapioca, sago). "Often I fancied I was just within the doorway when the door closed, and other plans had to be tried." Finally he tried gelatin from a packet of Nelson's Gelatine Granuals.

Maddox prepared a number of plates, exposing by contact-printing them from other negatives, and putting each through a different exposure trial. "The resulting prints were very delicate in detail, of a colour varying between a bistre and olive tint, and after washing dried to a brilliant surface". He later described trials on "out-of-door subjects", but it was "impossible to get some laurels depicted in anything more than black and white" (i.e. without gray-scale tones).

The advantages of the dry plate were obvious: photographers could use commercial dry plates off the shelf instead of having to prepare their own emulsions in a mobile darkroom. Negatives did not have to be developed immediately. Also, for the first time, cameras could be made small enough to be hand-held, or even concealed: further research created 'fast' exposure times, which led to 'snapshot' photography (and the 'Kodak' camera with roll film), ultimately paving the way for cinematography.

bottom of page